Theoretical approaches to learning Art

Theoretical approaches to learning Art

"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up. "

Picasso

As education leaders, it is our duty to improve learning with the theories we learn through our experiences teaching our children as well as Picasso could keep your imagination and artists remain for the rest of their lives. Art is "the use of the skills and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can share with others ", according to Britannica online. In art the broadest sense is the only issue that has been stayed closer to the sense Old Latin, which means roughly "skill" or "trade" and an Indo-European root meaning "arrangement" or "organizing." The purpose of this article is to explore eight to ten applications and theories used to teach arts education, explaining how information contained in the array created, could be transferred and applied arts education program, while evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each theory art.

Theories

In the 21st century the education system in the United States of America is in a process of change, which is the fusion and integration of the new curriculum, the theories and programs in the system. All programs have been created focusing on minority students, women and students who have demonstrated one way or another is risk of not having the conditions for success in the educational system. However, the techniques necessary for teachers interact with students has also been the evolution of writing to write, books to computers, whiteboards whiteboard, conferences teamwork.

The philosopher and educator John Dewey suggested that Americans face a choice between teaching in accordance with society and society in terms education. . . . Democracy demands and requires that citizens develop the ability to interpret, understand and analyze knowledge, and to communicate information effectively, ideas and concepts. (Romanowski, 2006, 9A)

However, theories are not permanent. Change because of our needs, culture and beliefs of the explanation realistic or accurate what is the truth and purpose of education (p. 4). This may be because the theory started and LeCompte (1999) is the way "to organize and explain the world in which we live "(p. 3). Throughout history, our social and cultural beliefs have influenced the educational system with a series of theories social, including but not limited to functionalism, Marxism, interpretivism, and postmodernism, which have also influenced art. Geertz (1998) states that "these major approaches to the presentation of the voice "to people, especially less powerful multiple" of all participants – as women, members of minority groups, and students (beginning and LeCompte, 1999, p. 38). In other words, education, arts education in science, mathematics and knowledge in general are important to all people, regardless of gender, age, ethnicity or status. Learning theories used in schools today are not limited to social learning theory, behaviorism, cognitive dissonance, the theory of contiguity, cooperative learning, Gardner, Piaget, situated learning, Skinner, Vygotsky, Weiner, and Constructivism, among others.

theory of interpretation

The theory the interpretation that the planning of the school needs a systematic plan that identifies the goals or standards that the NCLB Act of 2001, writes the rules and procedures, the hierarchy of authority, fair treatment of students, recruitment and described the progress on the basis of the formal credentials of teachers. The function of our schools is to give students the tools they need in the future they would be able to make money, technology and the power to teach others what needed for the future that offers every student, teacher, and staff. This student believes that the U.S. educational system is trying to establish a ideal system of education Bush to the implementation of No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Under this law, every child in every racial, economic, and demographic group in all the nation's public schools must improve test scores in math and science standardized tests. According to King, Sears (2005), the term "highly qualified teacher" used to "say those who have been properly certified and extremely effective to teach students "(p. 187), but today, in accordance with the guidelines of NCLB Highly Qualified Teachers "will have a title degree, be fully certified and demonstrate they know the content they teach "(p. 187), taking the content of specialized tests. Teachers need able to help children learn to connect their own experience and provide students the opportunity to manipulate and use resources to maximize the university growth. Education art is a tool used by teachers in each content area to help students learn to read their own personal experiences.

Change Theories

According to Shapiro (2005), a theory of change refers to "causal processes through which change occurs as a result a program of strategies and action. "These theories explore the reasoning behind the program managers on their conclusions about how to produce changes. Most theories of this change requires a "mapping back" or identify the results of a program. According to Shapiro (2005), theories change are explicit and implicit, and most include:

• Problems specific framework to address
• Frame your target intervention
• Identify the processes by which change occurs
• Describe the strategies, principals and specific intervention methods
• Draw the short and long-awaited

Trait theory

The theory relates to individuals born with a number of heritage features that give a person enough features to suit combination to life, these characteristics also can be measured by the individual's ability to carry out a series of tasks or skills to be effective. This theory originated in the nineteenth century, when Gregor Mendel discovered Genes and heredity has played an important role in the pattern and character that has a body. Over the years, researchers have focused on trying discover characteristics desired for a particular task. In our case, many researchers focused on identifying traits or skills to succeed in art.

In 1950, Briggs & Myers, a mother and daughter team, created a test survey identified sixteen traits may appear to be inherited by a simple response a series of questions that are in http://cbae.nmsu.edu/ Dboje/teaching/490_ps1/step_1.htm ~. In 1974, Stogdill wrote a manual that is able to identify a set of traits and skills that make a good artist, such as creativity, diplomacy (this person can be tactful with others), intelligent, persuasive, responsible, conceptually skilled, competent, organized, and speaks. Many other features were added to the model theory and applies organization. While other scholars such as Machiavelli, McGregor, McClelland, Katz, Yukl, Flanagan, Bennis, and Boje to continue and create more models based on inherited traits. Despite the new discoveries about genes, the characteristics, psychology and create more domination Chromosome questions about existing theories related. Some of the questions that this student are: a) An artistic dominant or recessive traits. 2) Are the scientists may identify a gene of creativity? 3) A person with heterozygous genes be able to acquire and develop the skills or traits that they would if their genes were homozygous? 4) Can we identify the artists with a simple test?

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Dr. Howard Gardner developed the theory of Multiple Intelligence in 1983, suggesting that the traditional notion of intelligence, according to IQ tests is limited, proposes eight different intelligences on the basis of a broader range of human potential in children and adults. Gardner (1993) argues that we are very well articulated or persons logic of our culture and we must pay equal attention on individuals who show gifts in other intelligences, as artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs, and others who enrich our society. Our society is unfortunately not raise children who possess these gifts and labels like "learning" disabilities ", ADD (attention deficit disorder" or call them poor performance. Dr. Gardner (2000) suggests that teachers should "be able to present their lessons in a variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role-playing games, multimedia, field trips, reflection and more National "According to Armstrong (1994)

The good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has attracted many educators around the country, and hundreds of schools are using their philosophy to rethink the way education children. The bad news is that there are thousands of schools that teach there is still the same old dull way, through dry lectures and boring worksheets and books text. The challenge is to disseminate information to many more teachers, school administrators and others working with children, so that every child has the opportunity to learn in harmony with your unique spirit.

Cognitive Development Theory

Based on the research of his long life, Piaget believed "Students should not be regarded as empty vessels to be filled by expert teachers, but active participants in constructing their own knowledge "(Nagarjuna, 2006). According to Murray (2007), Piaget concluded that" schools should focus on cooperation in making decisions and problem solving, promote moral development by requiring students to develop common standards based on equity "(p. 2). Despite the explanations provided can be wrong today, according to the latest adult sensibility and research, but "The fact that children provide explanations for these things show that they are actively working to understand the world around them "(Nagarjuna, 2006).

Jean Piaget saw intelligence as a process contributing to an organism to adapt to their environment and proposed four major periods of cognitive development. The four stages of development described in the theory of Piaget are (1) sensorimotor stage, (2) pre-operational, (3) concrete operational stage, and (4) formal operational phase. Each cognitive structure of Piaget's theory is defined by a series of strokes, and corresponds loosely to the specific age. This period of time are not rigid rules, approximate fair value is indicate the reference points in order of birth within 2 years, the definition sensorimotor stage, where children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence. The preoperational starts from the age of 2-7 years and the child has a motor skill acquisition. In the concrete operational stage begins in July to November and the years children begin to think logically about concrete events that are occurring in their environment. In the operational stage Formal begins after the age of 11 years and this is when the child develops abstract reasoning of the world around them.

Vygotsky's theory cognitive

Vygotsky's theory is an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization in which insists that children's minds are shaped by the social and historical context in which they live and their interactions with adults, explaining why educators will never be replaced by technology, no matter how far they succeed. His theories of social development play a role in cognitive development. Vygotsky (1978) states that:

Each function child's cultural development appears twice: first, social, and later at the individual level, first between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (Intrapsychic). This also applies to voluntary attention, to logical memory and concept formation. All higher functions originate as relations real between individuals (p.57).

Vygostsky theory of art developed an "integrated global dynamics of (a) the intentions of the author, time and context, (2) the form, content and symbolism of the literary work, and (3) the experience of the readers and the interpretation of the work (Lindqvist, 2003). Vygostsky not consider art as something spiritual and metaphysical, raising the genius of artists over the form and content of work being created. Instead, he saw art as a reflection of how society affects the lives of people and how society developed. Art is an excellent tool for studying not only society, but the emotions and psychology. According to Lindqvist (2003) "Vygostsky considers the psychology of art as a theory of social techniques of emotion. His analysis reflects the artistic process."

Taoism

The Tao is a universal principle that covers everything from the creation of galaxies how to interact with humans themselves and the world, showing the necessary path to follow. The Tao is composed of 81 verses that are broad and go beyond human logic. This collection of 81 short verses has survived more than twenty centuries, and its contents always teaches us a lot. The author of the Tao Lao Tzu was a librarian King, who was summoned by the emperor to write all his skills before leaving the kingdom to ask China (Windridge, 1999, p. 60). According to Manson, Taoism should not be described as a religion or philosophy from the first step in understanding the Tao is not to be Guided by the labels. The Tao is the beginning of all knowledge that is external and internal, eternal and common, and it seems like forever. The Tao is an endless cycle and the final which starts and ends at the same time. To understand the Tao, in the fullness that you would need 200-100 deaths each year and would be able to to reach the start of a quick end, which is the spiral that reached all the objectives of spirit, mind, psychology and the evolution of human thought. This can be seen in the translation of Wu Lao-tzu: Tao Ching verse 7:

Heaven lasts long, and respects the Earth. What is the secret of longevity? This not because they live for themselves. They can live so long? Therefore, the Sage wants to stay behind, but found the heads of others and believes itself off,

But it is safe. Could it be because it is disinterested I realized? (P.15)

The site http://www.thetao.info/tao/taoleader.htm shows how different verses of the Tao have been applied for the leadership, life and education, for example, verse 17: "The highest type of the Rule is people whose lives are barely conscious. Then the love and praise. After a fear. Next comes one whom they despise and defy "(Wu, 2005, p. 35). However, a book written so long ago gives us an idea of how to be leaders in the changing world of the 21st century.

According to Astin and Astin (2000), the Tao has no beginning or end, but evolves with time, which determines their expression because of an age, social group or an individual task. Learning is always in front Taoism a vision of greater demand, a goal, task, a problem that is waiting for a settlement proposal that civilization guides, a group or company to achieve peace, unity and common purpose among all members of its perfect enough to be used in the classroom, courses of art and life.

Development Theory

The Elaboration Theory is an extension of work already done by the organizers in advance Ausubel and Bruner on the program spiral. According to Reigeluth (1992), the development theory states that classroom instruction must be organized in ascending order of complexity for learning optimal. Education should be the lesson Following is simple, keep it increasingly difficult until all tasks are taught and the objectives are met. Reigeluth (1992) suggests that the first lesson with a summary of the previous class to end the class with a summary of this lesson of the day. Drawing Theory offers seven main elements of the strategy: (1) a sequence of preparation, (2) sequences of prior learning, (3) short, (4) Synthetic, (5) analogies (6) cognitive strategies, and (7) the student's control. Elaboration Theory design education applied to the cognitive domain.

Application for arts education

A teacher is someone who takes your hand, open your mind and touches your heart.

Anonymous

Each theory helps teachers prepare a lesson well developed, which includes various sizes and styles of learning. All this helps students in the classroom while giving the instructor a number of tools to improve arts education programs in our school systems.

Those who educate children and we are honored parents, for these only gave life, those the art of living well.

Aristotle

Teachers today are in need of tools, skills and abilities to reach students in schools. Multiple intelligences theory and educators to help link theory to classify students in classes. The cognitive theory, interpretive theory, and theories developed to help students map educator learning process from simple to more complex not only in degree, but a lifetime. According to Martin Luther King Jr. (1948), "The role of education is to teach people to think intensively and to think critically. But education that efficiency may be the greatest threat to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason, but moral. "In other words, education is the direct communication of the accumulated knowledge and who knows who is both ignorant. However, according to Zuk and Dalton (1999) "The main goal of education is to prepare children for jobs or to make our country economically competitive in international markets. Public education is important for a functioning democracy and offers much more than measure what we do in terms of dollars and cents or economic performance on our investment. "However, according to Holcomb (2007)," As a growing consensus among policy makers, educators and parents agree that the arts are an integral part of learning, some neighborhoods saw a change of policy in local and state level. In California, education and arts organizations working for get a windfall arts budget, in theory, ensure arts education in all public schools in the state. The funds – $ 105,000,000 current background, and only once, 500 million dollars for the equipment category level – are a legacy of the effective prosecution of California Teachers Association "On the financing of education."

Arts education has many benefits for students and the world in which we live, so let's use our knowledge of the theories we have to improve students' knowledge of the world. According to the root meaning of Indo-European Art anything that has undergone a deliberate process of arrangement. Art can describe several things: a study of the creative experience, a process of using creative ability, a product of creative ability or the experience to the public with the creative experience. Art is something that stimulates an individual's visual thinking, emotions, beliefs or ideas. Art is an expression of an idea realized – can take many forms and serve many different purposes.

Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught.

Oscar Wilder

Reference

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About the Author

Maritza M. Conde
Science High School Teacher and Data Specialist
Education:
BS in General Biology 1999
Advance Certificate in K-12 Bilingual Education 2001
M.A. in Curriculum and Technology 2005
EDD in Organizational Leadership 2010

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